Journal of a Titanic Passenger Essay -- Journal Diary entry titanic Es

Journal of a Titanic Passenger I am writing my first entry aboard this incredible vessel today, primarily because I have been spending the last three days exploring the sections open to my fellow third-class passengers and I. What I have seen is extraordinary, especially when first boarding the ship. The halls and staircases of the first class section were like nothing I had ever seen before in my life. They were blanketed in luxury from end to end. The first class passengers I had managed to see wore their best garments boarding the ship and were conversing with each other about their rich lives back home. I believe I even saw Mr. John Jacob Astor, a man I had heard much about for his contributions to the American fur trade. I had heard that he would be aboard for the maiden voyage of ...

Madeliene Leininger

Nursing Theorist M. Leininger: Culture Care Theory Nursing Theorist Madeliene Leininger: Culture Care Theory Madeliene Leininger was born in Sutton, Nebraska in 1925. In her early life she lived with her brothers and sisters on her father’s farm. She received her high school education from Scholastica College. She furthered her education at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. and then went to the University of Washington, Seattle. Upon completion of her education she became the first professional nurse to complete a PhD on anthropology. Due to the broader approach in her education, she became the first to bring knowledge of anthropology and nursing together to develop the concept of transcultural nursing as an area of study necessary in the nursing field. She developed the Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory with special focus at culture care. To date, due to the uniqueness of her perspective this theory is used across the world. She developed the theory in 1978 when she established the first caring research conference in which she established the ethnonursing method of research. Leininger conducted the first transcultural study in the field of research in the 1960s while she lived in the Gadsup villages of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. After publishing her first book in the field of transcultural nursing, she established the first graduate program. In the study, Leininger focused at enhancing emic, generic and etic professional care through establishing their similarities and differences to prevent possible gaps and conflicting areas which are non therapeutic to clients. While her prowess in the field of nursing developed, she established the Transcultural Nursing Society as the organization that officially governed the new discipline. This was established in 1974. Afterwards, she established the first journal of transcultural nursing and became the editor. Due to her progressive performance in the discipline of transcultural nursing she has received many honors and outstanding awards. Her significant worldwide breakthrough in encouraging advancement of health discipline has lead to her nomination for a Nobel Prize. Based on the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, Leininger tries to describe and predict similarities in nursing and inherent differences which are focused at human care and cultures. The theory pays no attention to medical symptom, diseases and treatment but focuses on the methods of approach to care that gives significance to the person to whom the care is given. The theory was developed in the 1950s and 1960s to give care to people with cultural differences in lifestyles and values. Training nurses in this field enables them to offer care suitable to the people being administered. Due to focus on client nurse interaction the approach places the client at a better position of receiving better care and attention than when the medical approach to care is adopted. The focus is wide enough to serve not only different needs of individual but also communities, groups, families and institutions (Andrews & Boyle, 2007). Her first model in Culture Care Theory is called the Sunrise Enabler which offers the conceptual framework and guides a systematic study to the varied dimensions of the theory. This model is distinct in that it identifies three activities which include identification of the goals of nursing by addressing client oriented practices; assessing cultural factors affecting the care to the client and making appropriate judgment about the situation; making decision about the measures to be taken and taking action as influenced by the cultural context. The model uses information attained through research that identifies areas of congruence between cultures and nursing care especially in cultural values, lifestyles and beliefs of the client. In Culture Care Theory, Leininger identifies client caring as the heart of nursing which is unique to the field. While priming this focus, she criticizes the other four nursing concepts of person, environment, nursing and health arguing that nursing is both a profession and discipline and therefore the term ‘nursing’ cannot adequately explain the phenomenon of nursing. She views the concept of nursing as made of compassion, interest and concern for people. In this, concept care becomes central activity, the dominant and distinct unifying factor. Secondly, she views culturally founded care as useful for good health progress even when a client faces challenges such as handicaps or even when sick to the level of death. Thirdly, the healing of a client is based on care that is culturally driven and that there is no cure without this nature of care. Fourthly, care that is based on culture is characterized by comprehensiveness of service delivery, which is holistic and offers explanation to the areas of commonness between the nursing care practices and the culture of the client (Huber, 2006). Leininger views client care as an activity that occurs within a cultural context. She argues that culture is universal and diverse. Due to this, care must adapt to specific patterns of behavior distinguishing each society from another. According to transcultural scholars culture is distinguished by behavioral issues that are explicitly different from another. Leininger defines culture as ‘the lifeways of an individual or a group with reference to values, beliefs, norms, patterns, and practices’ (Leininger 1997, 38). She says that culture is an entity of a group of people which is transmitted across generations or across groups of members of the community. Leininger also holds the view that in order for nursing care to be effective, there is need to consider the ethnohistorical factors of the client, which hold a great value when examined from the ethnocultural perspectives. The ethnohistorical factors help in understanding the environmental context which involves the sociopolitical, ecological and cultural setting. In order to effectively make use of the ethnohistory of a community she calls for proper understanding of past occurrences of an individual and community which in one way or another influences a people’s lifeways. All the environmental factors give sense to the overall meaning of nursing care. The components which influence the theory are represented in the diagram below; Educational factors Technological factors Religious & philosophical factors Kinship & Social factors Environmental Context, Language & ethnohistory Cultural values, beliefs and lifeways Political & Legal factors Economic factors Care expressions patterns & practices Holistic Health/illness and death In the center of care, expressions, patterns and practices is the holistic health or illness or death approach with special focus to individuals, families, groups, communities or institutions founded on generic care, nursing care practices and professional care practices. These three practices of care are closely influenced by different factors; 1. Technological factors: Technology has been an essential element in offering nursing care. Development of technology has enhanced efficiency in operations of nurses across the world. Similarly, the quality of services offered, as well as, the diversity has immensely improved. Application of modern technology enhances operations of nurses especially when the technology is developed in a manner that creates congruence with the cultural values of a particular society. However, if technology does not support the cultural values of clients’ society the nursing care offered may fail to succeed as required. Even when there is an attempt to form a congruence of the technology and cultural factors, there may exist differences within groups, individuals and families. 2. Religious or philosophical concepts: Understanding cultural values entrenched in the people’s religious practices is necessary to enhancing ethnocultural nursing care. Across the world people view religion as an integral part of their life and seek to form congruence between the religious values and care activities, provided there is room for effectiveness in enhancing a healthy society. In addition, philosophical concepts that exist within a society determine how the client responds to care. In some instances, the philosophical doctrine may help develop congruence between the culture and care but in other instances the aspects may act as a deterrent if active measures are not taken into consideration in identifying the inherent gaps and the people’s ideological foundation. Therefore, there is a need to study the philosophical elements of a culture in which the nursing care need is to be offered. 3. Environmental factors: These include social factors and kinship; cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways and political and legal factors. The social factors include the issues surrounding the families or members of the community in their day to day activities. These include activities such as rituals and nutritional values. These may act as either a boost to nursing care or a deterrent. For instance, some cultural social practices and beliefs may deter a certain group of a larger society from eating some nutritional components, such as animal proteins. In such situations understanding other essential nutritional components that would offer similar nutritional value and which is allowable within the society can be encouraged. This helps in avoiding conflict of nursing care practices and cultural values. While the cultural and social factors may be conducive in enhancing care, the political factors may act as a deterrent to effective nursing care. This challenge may be based on the policy development, which may encourage the society to practice certain aspects of care while preventing others. Policy development may be either based on the cultural values of a society or influenced by the ruling class. Understanding the disparity between the expected target situation in nursing care and the available opportunities in achieving such a target may be a breakthrough in overcoming political hurdles in the nursing care profession and discipline. 4. Economic factors: Delivery of proper nursing care is dependent on the economic potential of a family, community or group of people within a community or a nation. The activities conducted towards effective nursing care have financial implications, some of which might be beyond the capability of many clients. In this case, the target population may fail to access the nursing care services (Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care, 1994). In other cases, holistic care may be challenged by the degree of financial sacrifice that individuals may be able to make. The nursing care offered may only be relative to the people’s economic prowess and as a result meeting the care target may be challenging. The community or a nation may also be discouraged in offering the comprehensive nursing care, opting to channel the funds to other development activities. For instance, the ongoing United States comprehensive care debate is a response to a situation whereby only a few people are able to access comprehensive care, either culture care or otherwise, while the large group of the society remains unable to access the care (Leininger, 1991). The need for such comprehensive care has also raised queries on the increase of national spending. 5. Educational factors: The level of information available either to the clients or to the culture care specialists may influence the level of delivery of client care. Leininger argues that comprehensive research is necessary in providing information that would necessitate filling the gaps between the cultural values or other influencing factor and professional approach to nursing care. In a community where sufficient research is conducted to identify common areas of interest or similarities, the services offered would be in less conflict with the community’s cultural values and thus increase the possibility of holistic approach to client health. Similarly, the level of education of clients would influence the level of adherence to the nursing care practices, which would directly impact on the health of the individuals or community (Leininger, 1991). Increased levels of literacy in culture care among clients and nurses offer a common platform for nursing care service delivery. The culture care theory has to date stood out as the most widely used and established theory used by nurses world wide. According to research on the influence of the theory in development of the nursing profession, many nurses believe that the theory has made the highest level of break-through in enhancing health practices through the 20th century and even getting much more attention in the 21st century (Bolsher & Pharris, 2008). Leininger gives an example of the role that the approach played after the terrible terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 in United States. In the contemporary, there has been increased need to understand factors surrounding the motive behind increased hatred which has led to transcultural hatred and subsequent killing of innocent people. Due to this transcultural knowledge for use worldwide has been essential in the care and nursing profession. The theory has been applied in broader and holistic manner in efforts to discover and offers substantial care to clients of different cultures (Leininger, 1991). In advancing the field of research, the theory has provided a basis of research in the fast developing discipline of transcultural nursing. This research has been useful in enriching the discipline with content for which it is gradually transforming the field and profession of nursing. There is progressive change in the nursing practices and thus contributing to a healthier population across cultural divide. Notably so far, the information gained through transcultural research exceed the full use as nurses trained in this field continue to look for more ways of putting the concepts into practices. Interestingly, the theory is further being applied by other nursing theorist to advance a holistic approach to client health (Leininger, 1991). In conclusion, all the components influencing the quality of nursing care are based on the society’s cultural and social structural dimensions. This approach to nursing care puts Leininger at a very central position especially so through the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality. References Andrews, M. & Boyle, J. (2007). Transcultural concepts in nursing care. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Bolsher, S. & Pharris, M. (2008). Transforming Nursing Education: The Culturally Inclusive Environment. Springer Publishing Company. Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care. (1994). The journal of multicultural nursing & health: official journal of the Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care, Inc, Volumes 1-3. Riley Publications. Huber, D. (2006). Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Leininger, M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory ofnursing. New York: National League for Nursing Press. Leininger, M. (1997). Overview and reflection of the theory of culture care and the ethnonursing research method. Journal of Transcultural Nursing,8(2), 32-51.

Marriage Is Not An Effective Option - 869 Words

Between 1400 and 1800, marriages based on romantic interest and physical attraction rose as a method to secure property and strengthen familial relations; by 1800, affection and desire were considered prerequisite for marriage (Crawford 18-9). Despite the rise of companionate marriage, attraction and companionship were not necessarily the primary functions of marriage in early modern Europe. During this period, marriage allowed both men and women to participate in sex acts without immediately being labeled deviants or sinners. Marriage also further encouraged the patriarchal control and dominance over women. Equally important, marriage was a legal transaction between husband and wife that provided both economic and domestic benefits. Marriage was a necessary institution in which both men and women could engage in sex acts without being socially persecuted as deviants or sinners. Despite Christianity’s wary views about sex, sex remained an unavoidable aspect of society. Ce libacy was not an effective option because it conflicted with societal views on masculinity; society believed that men who vowed celibacy, and who were not graced with the gift of chastity, were denying their masculinity. According to Hendrix, â€Å"men could only be men if they fulfilled their natural sexual desires in the divinely blessed estate of marriage† (184). Marriage offered protection from sin. Without marriage, it was feared that men, and to a lesser extent women, would succumb to their sexualShow MoreRelatedShould Abstinence Only Sex Education?928 Words   |  4 Pageseighth grade, I remember attending a sex education course. At the young impressionable age of fourteen, I listened quietly as the lecturer showed us grotesque pictures of sexually transmitted infections and warned us that abstinence was the only effective way to not get pregnant. At the end of lecture, everyone at the assembly was handed a little card that read, â€Å"Virginity Pledge† and we were all required to sign them. Looking back on this memory, I am appalled by the severe lack of scientific foundationRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Today s Life1403 Words   |  6 Pagescellphones. Let us take a look at computers first. Computers and the internet have become a vital part of our daily life for today’s generation. Both are used for the ability to access information, store data. To name a few options, the internet provides the option for bill paying, messaging, and accessing news as wells as obtaining current weather conditions. Skype even allows us to have instant face to face interaction with family and friends. Today’s televisions have out grown theRead MoreDiscernment Therapy : Getting The Conversation1521 Words   |  7 Pagesto the lack of effective support. Judge Bruce Peterson of the Minnesota Hennepin County Family Court was a direct witness to mixed-agenda couples and to the inertia of divorce once the process had begun. He approached Professor Bill Doherty of the University of Minnesota with an idea to create a â€Å"rest stop† for couples considering divorce. In doing so, these couples would be given the time to really consider if divorce was what they wanted, or if reconciliation was a possible option. From this oneRead MoreAdoption With Same Sex Couples1162 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter child. There is also an option for single-parent adoption. This is sometimes better for the child. Older children and children with special needs tend to have single parents as their best option. The last option has been a constant debate around the world, same-sex adoption. Gay and lesbian couples have always been targeted. In the past, they have not been able to get married, however some states have now legalized gay marriage. 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Premarital Counseling is defined as a type of therapy that helps couples prepare for marriage and it is often provided by a licensed therapist. Therapist is known as a marriage or family therapist. There are also the options of seeking counseling through your religious institution if that works better for you and your future spouse (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013) . How to prepare for Premarital Counseling? When embarking on any new venture in yourRead MoreDecision Making1296 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluation system Introduction A perfect marriage may be an illusion although the people involve may be perfect individual in their own right. This situation may arise because the two may be considered as two different captains who have now come together to pilot a ship. Each comes on board with their own ideology and conceptions; as such differences are likely to occur. With this in mind it is important to note that problems are bound to occur in marriages. Case scenario Take for instance theRead MoreEharmony Case Study1382 Words   |  6 Pageschanged in 2005, because people’s mindset changed and found it acceptable to use online personal site to find their partners. Not just young people use the site but also the middle aged group use this site. According to the article, of the 2.2 million marriages that took place, about 120,000 of them were because of online personals site. It took awhile for the market to accept this new industry to help people hook up and find a suitable person to marry. The strengths of the power of suppliers is that

Willy Lowman’s Tragic Misinterpretation of the American...

Barack Obama made history by being elected President of the United States, twice. This is just one more example that the American Dream is without a doubt achievable. Its pursuit is not easy; it requires undeniable hard work, modesty and optimism. Armed with these characteristics, seekers of this lifestyle will undeniably succeed. Success, though, is an interesting concept, for it can entail many superficial qualities. Willy Loman, the tragic hero of the play Death of a Salesman, sees only the superficial qualities of this dream. He views success solely as likeability (linked with attractiveness), and wealth. Ignoring all methods to honorably achieve these, Arthur Miller demonstrates how Willy’s search for the superficial qualities of the†¦show more content†¦The fact that Charley kept asking him was a pure insult solely because of the superficial qualities of the job. He needed the money, but his shallow view of the American dream led him to believe that a carpenter, even with a steady income, wasn’t a respected or likeable job. This lack of money led to his despair, and was definitely a factor in the salesman’s death. Similarly, Willys downfall continues with the judgment of himself and others, due to his superficial likeability goals. For example, Willy blamed his lack of likeability and success as a salesman on his appearance. â€Å"I’m fat. I’m very – foolish to look at†¦I’m not dressing to advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The tragic hero’s shielded vision stops him from seeing that it is himself, not his appearance that leads him to his failure at being a salesman. Hence, since he cannot accept the facts, his career never improves and he is fired from his job, shattering his perceived chance at the American Dream. In addition, Willy strongly disliked Bernard merely because he was stereotyped as a nerd. The salesman would say to Biff’s tutor’s face, â€Å"Don’t be a pest, Bernard! †¦What an anemic.† Willy barely knew Charley’s son, nevertheless he evaluated him solely on his appearance. Willy seemed to do the same thing wi th his children. He was glad that they were â€Å"†¦both built like Adonises†, thinking that would lead them to success.

The Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics - 1221 Words

Police officers who lie should indeed by terminated as a matter of public policy. This unprofessional behavior has a very damaging effect on the effective and efficient service of policing. The IACP Law Enforcement Code of Ethics, which governs the conduct of police officers, clearly emphasizes on the need for desisting from deceitful behavior and for officers engaging in actions that cultivate public trust and confidence from the citizens. As such, Integrity is an essential job requirement for any law enforcement official. According to Serpas (2010), the truthfulness of a police officer is not only an issue of witness credibility in the court, but is also the fundamental nature of the police service. Therefore, untruthful conduct needs to be subject to the most serious disciplinary action, which is termination. Imposing the penalty of termination on untruthful officers is fair as a matter of public policy because it helps to streamline the entire criminal justice system. According to Spector (2008), police supervisors often make decisions based upon the information that they receive from other police officers. Hence, when the officers distorts the truth or intentionally gives false information to the supervisor, the supervisor might end up making misinformed decisions that can undermine the effectiveness of the force. In addition, under the collective knowledge doctrine, law enforcement officers in executing their duties rely upon the information given to them by fellowShow MoreRelatedThe Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics966 Words   |  4 Pages The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics has been established as a reminder to law enforcement officers, the trust that the public has placed in them, and the ethical way that they live their lives, both on, and off duty (Bohm, 2010). Many police depart ments use the basic code as a part of the swearing in ceremony, or at the graduation of a police academy class. While the basic code of ethics is extremely important, the code also contains 10 cannons within in it, and out of those 10, I have found threeRead MoreCode of Ethics in Law Enforcement3114 Words   |  13 PagesPROFESSIONAL CONDUCT OF PEACE OFFICERS MODEL POLICY MN STAT 626.8457 I. â€Å"POLICY It is the policy of the __________________________________________________ (law enforcement agency) to investigate circumstances that suggest an officer has engaged in unbecoming conduct, and impose disciplinary action when appropriate. II. PROCEDURE This policy applies to all officers of this agency engaged in official duties whether within or outside of the territorial jurisdiction of thisRead MoreEthics And The Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics1412 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper inquires how ethics has impacted the law enfacement communities. The Oath of Allegiance along with the law enforcement Code of Ethics will be discussed in detail to give you a better appreciation of the expectations and ethical issues covering all law enforcement officers. This paper will discus how everyday decisions influence the law officers life, in addition to those of the community. Hero’s sacrificing their lives to â€Å"Protect and Serve†. Ethics, also know as moral philosophy, isRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of The Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics1309 Words   |  6 Pagesmorals. Why would the sergeant have to order Tony not to get Johnny in trouble? Within this paper, I will discuss and examine the ethical dilemmas Johnny is confronted with and compare them to the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics. Keywords: corrupt morals, ethical dilemmas, repercussions, code of ethics Ethical Dilemma The practice of moral conduct challenges the generally accepted standards. 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That’s why ethics and codes of conductRead MoreEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Ethics in the criminal justice system is customary when the administration measures are sometime virtuous and imperfect, attractive and unattractive and the ideas of production values are perceptive that this may be right and wrong. Working in the criminal justice system, every decision and results must meet the needs of the citizens and the law enforcement in regards to the balancing concern. The concerns are from prosecuting the guilty and respectingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Police Ethics Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesWith the past and current issues our country is having with law enforcement officials the ethical deliberations about corruptions is constantly examining the foundations of police ethics. 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Law enforcement has a very distinct police subculture that has ideas and values considered distinct from amid many working in law enforcement. Corruption happens when people use their position or granted

Neonatal Nursing Free Essays

Nursery/Neonatal Nurse Chamberlain College of Nursing Nursery Nursing A Nursery Nurse is a nurse who provides medical care for newborns and infants. Although they usually work in hospital nurseries, some work in outpatient care centers or private residences, providing in-home care for sick infants. Nursery nurses can also be categorized as neonatal (newborn) or pediatric nurses, depending on the age group they serve. We will write a custom essay sample on Neonatal Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nursery Nurses may have a different title but perform many of the same duties as RNs and LPNs, including: administering treatments, medications, tests, and procedures, assisting physicians, creating or updating patient care plans, maintaining patient records and other duties but this all depends on the nursery level in which they work. I would like to be a nursery/neonatal nurse because I love working with newborns, I want to be challenged in my career, and I want to have a rewarding/successful profession. I would love to become a Nursery/neonatal nurse. I love newborns, they are little bundles of joy and I can be trusted to care for them. It’s not an easy job as some people would think. Not all babies come out â€Å"healthy† some are born with defects and need special care and that’s where we come in. Before this class I just knew I wanted to be a nurse but I was lost with finding which nursing role was for me. I went through six different nurse titles and I believe this one suits me the best. Now that I know what kind of nurse I want to be I can make sure I’m taking all the right classes and working harder to become a nursery nurse. Becoming a Nursery Nurse takes training, experience and education. You would need working knowledge of health and safety, good communication skills, ability to work with a team, NNEB, CACHE level 3, NVQ level 2/3 or equivalent, previous experience working within a similar environment and a little bit more. You have to ask yourself am I physical, emotional and spiritual prepared to care for children, can I distract them during unpleasant procedures. I have asked myself these questions and I am ready to care for others children. As I have said before this role is not easy and it will challenge me to become a great Nursery Nurse to take great care of newborns. More advanced roles will usually require additional training and/or experience. There is an organization called NHS employing organizations that may provide support to nursery assistants and nursery nurses, working towards relevant qualifications. Becoming a Nursery Nurse is rewarding because considering that newborns don’t talk, their non-verbal signs need to be decoded by nursing professionals. To me this is an important skill because if we don’t know what the babies need we can’t take care of them. They can identify and interpret signs babies display, because of alterations in their health, and proper care can be delivered and shared with family members. Understanding of the child’s pain or other behaviors can be transmitted to the family members. I can imagine how these nurses feel knowing that they’re making the babies healthy and happy. Nursery nursing care is an interactional process of three channels: it involves interactions between the professional/newborn and professional/newborn and family (Pinheiro EM, Siiva MJP, Angelo A, Ribeiro CA). Although the work is non-stop according to payscale. om (2010) â€Å"the average salary with an advanced degree is $80,000†. It couldn’t get any better when you love going to work every day and getting paid a good amount of money while doing it. Nursing is a great career to invest in if you love helping people. I love helping people but I would prefer to work with babies because they are helpless and need peo ple like me who are dedicated to only them. I will stay in school and get the best education I can to advance in my career. I feel this profession will fulfill my dreams and I will have a rewarding career. References Caleeda (2007). Nursery nurse. From http://www. caleeda. co. uk/page24/page32/page32. html Crown copyright. NURSERY NURSE AND NURSERY ASISTANT. (2006) http://www. nhscareers. nhs. uk/explore-by-career/wider-healthcare-team/careers-in-the-wider-healthcare-team/corporate-services/nursery-nursenursery-assistant/ Pinheiro, E. , Silva, M. , Angelo, M. , ; Ribeiro, C. (2008). The meaning of interaction between nursing professionals and newborns/families in a hospital setting. Revista Latino-Americana De Enfermagem (RLAE), 16(6), 1012-1018. . How to cite Neonatal Nursing, Essay examples

Ethical Issues In The Ict Profession †Free Samples for Student

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Issues In The Ict Profession. Answer: Introduction While training ICT professionals a lot of emphases is given to the technical skills with little regards to their misuse in a workplace environment. This report highlights common ethical issues and challenges faced by ICT professionals while conducting their workplace duties (Shinder 2005). Moreover, the report highlights this issue while referencing a case study seen in the past where the ethical standards of IT expert were called into question. Now, the report will follow a simple structure where a description of the problem will be given including the people involved. Thereafter an outline of the possible consequences and actions will be given which will then be followed by the foreseeable solutions. ICT professional case study The case study (For privacy reasons the names of the stakeholders are changed) John was a system administrator in Company X and held his position for over five years. Throughout this time he executed his duties as required and was set for a promotion as the IT manager. However, the company decided to go with a fresh individual which later on affected Johns performance. John continuously failed to meet the responsibilities given to him as a system admin including coming late to work. In response to his action, the company decided to let him go but with a two weeks notice. During this time, John compromised the systems owned by the organisation by leaking sensitive information owned by the employees. Data such as emails, documents and pictures were exposed to the masses in the companys open network which was integrated to the internet. Ethical issues As in many ethical cases related to information technology, the case at hand presents serious privacy issues where sensitive data owned by innocent individuals (employees) were leaked by John. As an administrator, John was responsible for the data held by the employees of the organisation and despite his access privileges was supposed to protect the rights of the users (Aynsley 2015). Moreover, confidentiality was lost in the process where an individual given the obligation to store and protect sensitive data failed to live up to his mandate (PRE 2017). In his moment of rage, (despite the prevailing conditions) John exposed data and systems that were entrusted to him by the organisation. Yes, he could plead innocent and cover his tracks to avoid prosecution but his moral code should have prevented him from conducting the said actions. Finally, the security of both the organisation and employees was compromised as the leaked information may end up in the wrong hands and could be used to conduct malicious activities e.g. extortion. As an ethical issue, security will house all elements that pertain to the safety of information. These elements include administrative structures, physical systems and technical components. In this case, the administrative structures are compromised due to the actions of the administrator who uses his technical skills to conduct the heinous act. (Patrignani 2009). The Stakeholders First on the list is John, the perpetrator of the incidence and the focus of the case study. His deliberate actions to leak confidential information exposes not only the people involved but also the entire organisation as a whole as it falls within legal liabilities. Moreover, John breaches all ethical standards that an IT professional should have by allowing his emotions get better of him. Furthermore, even though the direct consequences may fail to affect him, he loses credibility in the field as an ICT expert which may affect his career options in the future. In addition to this, if verified, he is also liable to legal prosecution based on his actions (Mason 1986). Secondly, we have the employees whose data is leaked by John as a retaliation to the actions conducted by the company. As a consequence to these actions, the employees may be subject to extortion schemes by malicious individuals who may access the information. Moreover, their psychological state may be affected when they discover that their confidential data including files such as pictures were leaked to the masses. Finally, the organisation is also another stakeholder in the case study. Company X can also be liable to legal suits as it failed to protect the data entrusted to it by the employees. Furthermore, it risks losing business if the customers become aware of the proceedings. In essence, the customers, as well as other business partners, may lose trust in the organisation, therefore, choose to go elsewhere to conduct business (Schreiner 2017). Breach in standards/behaviours and the consequences While borrowing from the ACS code of ethics, there is a serious breach of the ethical standards outlined. For one, the interests of the public are completely ignored where the expert does not consider the consequences of his actions. In fact, when critically analysed the public represented by the employees stand to lose the most as compared to other stakeholders, this because they fall victim to a situation they had no control over. Secondly, the competence of the expert falls short in two incidences; one, when he loses the position he desires (IT managers) and two when he fails to conduct his duties diligently despite the prevailing conditions (ACS 2017). Furthermore, there is a lack of professionalism where the perpetrator fails to uphold his integrity more so to the society by exposing the data owned by his fellow colleagues. Therefore, he breaches his professionalism standards which are also attributed to his failed professional development standards, another ethical code of conduct (Caramela 2016). In light of these actions, he risks losing his career and exposes the company to serious security and privacy problems. Moreover, he aggravates the growing concerns on technological systems supported by IT experts such as system admins. Conclusion As a company, the first and most important action, when faced with a data breach, is to manage the communication response. In essence, Company X should establish a strategic plan on the method it will use to communicate the incidence to the affected parties. This cause of action is particularly crucial today where social media and other communication mediums can be used to panic the parties involved. Secondly, the company should accept full responsibility for the situation and execute steps that will contain the breach. For instance, if the existing systems are compromised and still leaking information, they should be disabled while a new structure is formulated. After managing the events i.e. stopping the breach, a thorough analysis of the situation should be conducted to establish a baseline for the lost data. This baseline is then used to retrieve and compensate the affected parties. Finally, the organisation should highlight the mistakes made before and outline solutions that will prevent the same incidences from occurring in the future. Therefore, preventing similar incidences in the future should be the last step taken after a data breach. For instance, Company X could lower the privileges owned by a system admin by sharing the authority with another member of the organisation such as the IT manager. This outlook would share the responsibilities of the IT infrastructure between several competent individuals which would promote accountability. In the end, the actions conducted by John would act a valuable lesson for the organisation and its system security. References ACS, 2017, ACS code of ethics. Available at: https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-documents/Code-of-Ethics.pdf [Accessed 11 May, 2017] Aynsley. B, 2015, Ethics essential for ICT professionals. Business review. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/technology/opinion/ethics-essential-for-ict-professionals/news-story/78307af0586683a61e7a0d537c5f6cf8 [Accessed 11 May, 2017] Caramela. S, 2016, Have You Been Hacked? How to Recover from a Data Breach. Business news daily. Available at: https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/8001-have-you-been-hacked-how-to-recover-from-a-data-breach.html [Accessed 11 May, 2017] Mason. R, 1986, Four Ethical Issues of the Information Age. Management Information Systems Quarterly. Available at: https://www.gdrc.org/info-design/4-ethics.html [Accessed 11 May, 2017] Patrignani. 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